Researchers studying communication in sperm whales say they’ve uncovered sophisticated audio structures similar to those found in human language. It raises the tantalizing possibility that, one day, it might be possible for us to talk to them, and for sperm whales to talk to us. Certainly, a huge amount of research needs to be done before we even know if such a thing is possible, but it is tantalizing, nonetheless.
In the inky depths of the midnight zone, an ocean giant bears the scars of the giant squid she stalks. She searches the darkness, her echo-location pulsing through the water column. Then she buzzes – a burst of rapid clicks – just before she goes in for the kill.
Exactly how sperm whales catch squid, like many other areas of their lives, remains a mystery. “They’re slow swimmers,” says Kirsten Young, a marine scientist at the University of Exeter. Squid, on the other hand, are fast. “How can sperm whales catch squid if they can only move at 3 knots [5.5 km/h or 3.5mph]? Are the squid just moving really slowly, or are the whales stunning them with their vocalisations? What happens down there? Nobody really knows,” she says.
Sperm whales are not easy to study. They spend much of their lives foraging or hunting at depths beyond the reach of sunlight. They are capable of diving over 3km (10,000ft) and can hold their breath for two hours.
“At 1000m (3300ft) deep, many of the group will be facing the same way, flanking each other – but across an area of several kilometres,” says Young. “During this time, they’re talking (clicking) the whole time.” After about an hour, she says, the group rises to the surface in synchrony. “They’ll then have their rest phase. They might be at the surface for 15 to 20 minutes. Then they’ll dive again,” she says.
At the end of a day of foraging, Young says, the sperm whales come together at the surface and rub against each other, chatting while they socialise. “As researchers, we don’t see a lot of their behaviour because they don’t spend that much time at the surface. There’s masses we don’t know about them, because we are just seeing a tiny little snapshot of their lives during those 15 minutes at the surface.”
It was around 47 million years ago that land-roaming cetaceans began to gravitate back towards the ocean – that’s 47 million years of evolution in an environment alien to our own. How can we hope to easily understand creatures that have adapted to live and communicate under such different evolutionary pressures to ourselves?
“It’s easier to translate the parts where our world and their world overlap – like eating, nursing or sleeping,” says David Gruber, lead and founder of the Cetacean Translation Initiative (Ceti) and professor of biology at the City University of New York. “As mammals, we share these basics with others, but I think it’s going to get really interesting when we try to understand the areas of their world where there’s no intersection with our own.”
Today, from elephants to dogs, modern technology is helping researchers sift through enormous datasets and, in the process, they are uncovering previously unknown diversity and complexity in animal communication. Ceti’s researchers say they, too, have used AI to decode a “sperm whale phonetic alphabet”.
Sperm whales live in multi-level, matrilineal societies – groups of daughters, mothers and grandmothers – while the males roam the oceans, visiting the groups to breed. They are known for their complex social behaviour, and group decision-making, which requires sophisticated communication. For example, they are able to adapt their behaviour as a group when protecting themselves from predators like orcas or humans.
Sperm whales communicate with each other using rhythmic sequences of clicks, called codas. It was previously thought that sperm whales had just 21 coda types. However, after studying almost 9,000 recordings, the Ceti researchers identified 156 distinct codas. They also noticed the basic building blocks of these codas which they describe as a “sperm whale phonetic alphabet” – much like phonemes, the units of sound in human language which combine to form words.
The researchers also found the sperm whale “phonemes” are used in a combination, allowing the whales to construct a vast repertoire of distinct vocalisations. The existence of a combined coding system, write the report authors, is a prerequisite for “duality of patterning” – a linguistic phenomenon thought to be unique to human language – in which meaningless elements combine to form meaningful words.
So, what does all this tell us about sperm whales’ intelligence? Or their ability to reason, or store and share information?
“Well, it doesn’t tell us anything yet,” says Gruber. “Before we can get to those amazing questions, we need to build a fundamental understanding of how sperm whales communicate, and what’s meaningful to them. We see them living very complicated lives, with coordination and sophistication in their behaviours. We’re at base camp. This is a new place for humans to be – just give us a few years. Artificial intelligence is allowing us to see deeper into whale communication than we’ve ever seen before.”
Categorised as “vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), sperm whales are still recovering from commercial hunting by humans in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Although such whaling has been banned for decades, sperm whales face new threats from climate change, ocean noise pollution and ship strikes.
However, Young adds, we’re still a long way off from understanding what sperm whales might be saying to each other. “We really have no idea. But the better we can understand these amazing animals, the more we’ll know about how we can protect them.”
As I said, the remote possibility of being able to ‘talk to sperm whales” is a tantalizing prospect.
